T  E 


GIFT   ©F 


NOV 


SPECIFICATIONS 

For  the  Construction  of 

VITRIFIED  BRICK 
STREET  PAVEMENTS 

and 

VITRIFIED  BRICK 
HIG  HWAYS 


NATIONAL  PAVING  BRICK 
MANUFACTURERS  ASSOCIATION 


National    Paving    Brick 
.Manufacturers    Association 

of  this  country  was  organized  for 
the  following  purposes  : 


1st.  A  dissemination  among  its  membership  of  technical 
knowledge  relating  to  the  manufacture  of  their  product. 

2nd.  To  bring  to  the  attention  of  the  public  the  merits 
of  Vitrified  Brick  as  a  paving  material. 

3rd.  To  influence  to  the  greatest  possible  extent  the 
proper  construction  of  brick  streets. 

4th.  For  furnishing  truthful  and  reliable  information 
regarding  other  paving  materials,  and  their  comparative 
value  as  pavements  when  considered  with  brick  pavements. 


WDM* 


NATIONAL  PAVING  BRICK 
MANUFACTURERS    ASSOCIATION 

\Vill  P.  Blair,  Secretary  Engineers  Building,  Cleveland 


ANNOUNCEMENT 


The  National  Paving  Brick  Manufacturers  Associa- 
tion from  its  organization  has  steadfastly  adhered  to  the 
belief  that  what  is  best  for  the  users  of  vitrified  brick  is 
likewise  best  for  the  industry.  In  serving  this  purpose 
the  Association  has  issued  from  time  to  time  a  large 
number  of  editions  of  Specifications  and  Directions  for 
Laying  Vitrified  Brick  Street  Pavements.  These  have 
been  revised  from  time  to  time. 

In  the  belief  that  still  further  improvement  was 
possible,  both  in  the  matter  of  convenience  as  well  as 
improvement  of  the  text,  a  committee  was  appointed  at 
a  meeting  of  the  Board  of  Directors  of  the  Association 
held  in  New  Orleans  in  March,  1914,  to  prepare  a  re- 
vision of  the  specifications  which  would  include  matter 
covering  the  construction  of  country  highways. 

This  revised  edition  of  1914  is  now  offered  to  the 
engineers  and  the  public.  It  is  published  with  a  view  of 
making  it  particularly  convenient  to  the  engineers  who 
can  readily  apply  it  to  such  other  specifications  as  cover 
local  requirements  and  conditions. 

No  comments  or  "reasons  why"  will  be  offered.  Illus- 
trations of  finished  work  and  steps  in  construction  will 
be  included. 

There  is,  however,  a  very  great  demand  for  a  pub- 
lication in  the  nature  of  a  hand  book  which  is.  being 
prepared  supplementing  these  specifications  which  shall 
include  such  reasons,  directions  and  discussions  as  can 
not  appropriately  be  incorporated  into  the  specification 
itself. 

We  cannot  but  entertain  the  hope  that  this  edition 
will  be  received  with  favor  from  the  engineers  through- 
out the  country,  as  upon  them  the  industry  must  rely 
for  co-operation  in  service  for  public  benefit. 


NATIONAL   PAVING    BRICK 
MANUFACTURERS    ASSOCIATION 


'IBi 


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0 


SIMILAR   residential    districts    are 
included  in  approximately  seventy- 
five    percent  of  the  street  mileage  in 
our  American  Municipalities. 

The  scene  on  opposite  page  is  Mentor 
Avenue  at  the  intersection  of  West 
15th  Street,  Cleveland,  Ohio. 
This  particular  pavement  was  laid  in 
1898.  The  foundation  is  of  natural 
earth.  The  cushion  is  a  two  inch  sand 
cushion.  The  drainage  sustains  a  dry 
sub -base.  The  use  and  wear  of  the 
street  has  super-induced  a  slightly  better 
condition  with  age.  The  sanitation 
afforded  is  ideal.  Traction  resistance 
at  a  maximum. 

It  has  had  no  repairs.  Its  age  demon- 
strates its  durability.  In  the  construc- 
tion of  this  street  the  specifications 
herein  were  followed,  using  the  alter- 
nate "brick  pavement  on  natural  earth 
without  an  artificial  foundation.'' 

Conditions  of  traffic  and  surroundings 
of  seventy-five  percent  of  street  mileage 
of  American  municipalities  are  not 
exceeded  in  any  particular  by  those 
found  in  this  scene. 

320776 


Specifications/or  the  Construction 

of 

Vitrified  Brick  Street  Pavements 


GRADING 


Section  1.  The  roadway  herein  provided  to  be  im- 
proved, including  the  approaches  thereto,  shall  be  graded 
to  such  grades,  sub-grades  and  cross-sections  as  are 
shown  by  the  plans  of  the  engineer. 

Section  2.  Earth  in  excavation  shall  be  removed 
with  plow  and  scraper,  or  other  device,  to  such  a  depth 
as  when  rolled  will  conform  to  the  true  sub-grade.  The 
roller  for  this  purpose  should  be  three  wheeled,  self-pro- 
pelling and  should  weigh  not  less  than  six  (6)  nor  more 
than  ten  (10)  tons.  No  dirt  from  the  excavation  shall 
be  deposited  against  or  upon  any  material,  brick  or  stone 
to  be  used  in  the  pavement. 

Section  3.  Earth  in  embankment  must  be  applied 
in  layers  of  not  more  than  six  (6)  inches  in  thickness, 
and  each  layer  thoroughly  rolled.  Spongy  and  soft  earth 
that  cannot  be  made  firm  by  rolling  should  be  removed 
and  replaced  with  suitable  material.  Careful  attention 
should  be  given  to  bring  the  entire  sub-grade  to  a  uni- 
form density. 

Section  4.  After  the  roadbed  or  foundation  has 
been  completed  ready  for  the  pavement,  no  loaded  or 
empty  wagons  or  other  vehicles  that  might  disturb  the 
finished  surface  shall  be  permitted  thereon,  unless  the 
surface  is  properly  protected. 

5 


The  Roadway 


Earth  in 
Excavation 


Earth  in 
Embankment 


Protection  of 
Sub-Grade 


Drainage 


.:•:;:.:/::..  ..DRAINAGE 

Section  5.  Drainage  should  be  provided  sufBcient 
to  rapidly  remove  all  water  from  the  roadway  to  a  depth 
of  not  less  than  eighteen  (18)  inches  below  its  finished 
surface,  and  the  engineer  shall  examine  the  location  and 
provide  ample  plans  and  specifications  to  accomplish  this 
result. 


Hauling  and 
Placing 


STONE  CURBING 

Section  6.  All  curbing  shall  be  hauled,  distributed 
and  set  before  grading  is  finished,  and  may  then  be  used 
as  a  guide  to  finish  the  sub-grade.  It  shall  be  of  a  char- 
acter and  of  such  dimensions  as  described  in  these  speci- 
fications. At  street  corners  it  shall  be  set  to  a  radius 
of feet ;  at  alleys  the  radius  shall  be feet. 


Quality 


Section  7.     Curb  stone  shall  be  of  the  best  quality 

of  hard   stone,  compact  and  homogeneous, 

and  free  from  cracks,  pockets,  lumps,  seams  or  other  de- 
fects, and  equal  in  every  respect  to  samples  furnished  by 

the  contractor.     Curb  stone  shall  be  slabs inches 

in  depth  by  not  less  than   feet  in  length  and  the 

top  edge  must  be  dressed  to  a  uniform  thickness  of 

inches.  It  shall  be  dressed  on  its  face  to  the  depth  of 
the  top  of  the  foundation  and  on  the  back  for  a  depth 
of  not  less  than  three  (3)  inches  from  the  top.  The 
ends  shall  be  dressed  at  right  angles  to  the  top  to  the 
same  depth  as  required  for  the  face. 


Setting 


Section  8.  The  curb  shall  be  set  true  to  line  and 
grade  as  furnished  by  the  engineer,  and  the  ends  joined 
and  pointed  with  a  mortar  composed  of  two  (2)  parts 
of  sand  and  one  (1)  part  of  cement. 


Marginal  Curb  Section  9.     At  the  end  of  the  pavement  and  at  the 

end  of  the  street  and  alley  intersections,  a  marginal  curb 
of  the  material  described  for  curbing  shall  be  placed  to 
conform  to  the  cross-section  and  to  a  depth  of  not  less 
than  twelve  (12)  inches. 

6 


CONCRETE  FOUNDATION 


Section  10.  Cement  used  in  the  work  shall  meet 
the  requirements  of  the  Standard  Specifications  for  Port- 
land Cement  of  the  American  Society  for  Testing  Ma- 
terials, adopted  August  16,  1909,  with  amendments  and 
additions  thereto  adopted  by  said  Society. 

Section  11.  Water  used  in  mixing  the  concrete 
shall  be  clean,  free  from  oil,  acid,  strong  alkalies  or 
vegetable  matter. 

Section  12.  Fine  aggregate  shall  consist  of  screen- 
ings from  hard  durable  sand,  gravel,  granite  or  other  hard 
rock  and  must  not  contain  more  than  five  (5)  per  cent 
of  clay.  It  shall  be  reasonably  uniformly  graded  from 
a  size  which  will  pass  through  a  one-fourth  (}4)  inch 
screen  down.  Sand  containing  disintegrated  shale  or 
slate  shall  not  be  used. 

Section  13.  Coarse  aggregate  shall  consist  of  sound 
gravel,  stone,  vitrified  clay  or  slag.  It  shall  be  free  from 
all  foreign  matter,  uniformly  graded,  and  shall  range 
in  size  from  one-fourth  (^)  inch  up  to  that  which  will 
pass  a  one  and  one-half  (1^)  inch  revolving  screen. 


Cement 


Water 


Fine  Aggregate 


Coarse 
Aggregate 


Section  14.    The    cement    and    aggregate    shall    be      Concrete 
measured  separately  and  then  mixed  in  such  proportions 
that  the  resulting  concrete  shall  contain  fine  aggregate 
amounting  to  one-half  (T/2)  of  the  volume  of  the  coarse 
aggregate,  and  that  ..........  cubic  feet  of  the  concrete 

in  place  will  contain  ninety-four  (94)  pounds  of  cement. 


Section  15.  The  ingredients  of  the  concrete  shall  be 
thoroughly  mixed,  sufficient  water  being  added  to  obtain 
the  desired  consistency,  and  the  mixing  continued  until 
the  materials  are  uniformly  distributed,  and  each  par- 
ticle of  the  fine  aggregate  is  thoroughly  coated  with 
cement  and  each  particle  of  coarse  aggregate  is  thor- 
oughly coated  with  mortar.  A  batch  concrete  mixer 
must  be  used,  the  materials  must  be  proportioned  dry, 
and  then  deposited  in  the  mixer  all  at  the  same  time. 
The  mixer  must  produce  a  concrete  of  uniform  consis- 
tency and  color,  with  the  stones  thoroughly  mixed  with 
the  water,  sand  and  cement. 

7 


Mixing 


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Precautionary 
Measures 


Placing 
Concrete 


Section   16.     The     materials     shall     be     mixed     wet      Consistency 
enough  to  produce  a  concrete  of  a  consistency  which  can 
be  handled  without  causing  a  separation  of  the  coarse 
aggregate  from  the  mortar  while  being  spread  into  posi- 
tion with  a  template,  straight  edge  or  back  of  a  shovel. 

Section  17.  Retempering,  that  is,  remixing  with 
additional  water,  mortar  or  concrete  that  has  partially 
hardened,  shall  not  be  permitted.  No  concrete  shall  be 
mixed  while  the  air  temperature  is  below  32  degrees  F. 
except  with  the  consent  of  the  engineer. 

Section  18.  The  concrete  shall  be  deposited  in  a 
layer  on  the  sub-grade  in  such  quantities  that  it  will  be 
of  the  required  thickness  and  the  upper  surface  shall 
be  smooth,  true,  uniform  and  parallel  with  the  surface 
of  the  finished  pavement  and  must  not  exceed  a  limit 
of  one-half  (*/£)  inch  from  the  true  surface.  In  convey- 
ing the  concrete  from  the  place  of  mixing  to  the  place 
of  deposit,  the  operation  must  be  conducted  in  such  a 
manner  that  no  mortar  will  be  lost  and  the  concrete 
must  be  so  handled  that  the  foundation  will  be  of  uni- 
form composition  throughout,  showing  no  excess  or 
lack  of  mortar  in  any  place.  If  the  sub-grade  is  exceed- 
ingly dry  it  shall  be  moistened. 

Section   19.     This  foundation  shall  be inches      Thickness 

in   thickness,  with  its  upper  surface   finished  to    

inches  below  the  grade  of  the  finished  pavement. 

Section  20.     When    complete,   the   foundation    shall      Protection 
be  kept  moist  for  not  less  than  two  (2)  days.    No  loaded 
or  empty  wagons  or  other  vehicles  that  might  disturb 
the  finished  surface   shall  be  permitted  thereon,   unless 
the  surface  is  properly  protected. 


Character   of 
Material 


How  Spread 
and  Prepared 


CUSHION 

Section  21.  Upon  the  foundation  shall  be  spread 
a  cushion  which  will  be  one  and  one-half  (l/^)  inches 
in  depth  after  the  same  has  been  thoroughly  and  firmly 
compacted  by  rolling.  The  material  for  this  cushion 
shall  consist  of  granulated  slag,  stone  dust,  or  a  loamy 
sand  which  will  firmly  compact  by  rolling  and  must  pass 
a  quarter  (%)  inch  screen. 

Section  22.  The  cushion  must  be  carefully  shaped 
to  a  true  cross-section,  parallel  with  the  finished  road- 
way, by  means  of  a  template  covering  at  least  one-half 
(/^)  of  the  width  of  the  brick  work,  and  so  made  as  to  be 
easily  drawn  over  the  curb  or  guide  rail.  Guide  timbers 
shall  be  one  and  one-half  (l/^>)  inches  by  four  (4)  inches, 
and  not  less  than  fourteen  (14)  feet  in  length,  and  laid 
to  a  true  line  parallel  with  the  grade  in  the  center  of 
the  street  and  next  to  the  curb  (if  top  of  curb  cannot 
be  used).  Before  shaping  the  cushion,  a  one-half  (l/2} 
inch  strip  shall  be  laid  on  the  curb  or  guide  rail  and  strip 
of  same  thickness  laid  on  guide  timbers  in  the  center  of 
street,  and  a  template  drawn  over  the  same  leaving  the 
cushion  complete  in  place  one-half  (y2)  inch  above  the 
surface  required,  after  which  the  one-half  (y2)  inch  strip 
shall  be  removed  and  the  surface  rolled  thoroughly  with 
a  hand  roller.  After  rolling,  the  template  shall  be  drawn 
over  the  curb  and  guide  timbers  to  complete  the  cushion. 
If  the  cushion  should  not  be  uniformly  compacted  and 
parallel  to  the  surface  of  the  finished  pavement,  the  op- 
erations shall  be  repeated.  The  operations  of  shaping 
the  foundation  for  the  pavement  and  of  compressing 
and  shaping  the  cushion  for  the  brick  are  considered  of 
prime  importance  in  securing  the  desired  evenness  in  the 
surface  of  the  finished  pavement,  and  the  contractor  will 
be  required  to  equip  himself  with  the  proper  implements 
approved  by  the  engineer  and  to  secure  skilled  men  for 
this  part  of  the  work.  The  roller  for  rolling  the  cushion 
shall  weigh  not  less  than  ten  (10)  pounds  per  inch  in 
length  and  should  be  approximately  twenty-four  (24) 
inches  in  diameter  and  not  more  than  thirty  (30)  inches 
in  length  and  may  be  in  sections. 


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Expansion 
Joints 


Quality  and 
Character 


Size 


EXPANSION  JOINTS 

Section  23.  Expansion  joints  shall  be  placed  par- 
allel  with  and  at  each  curb  line  and  extend  across  each 
street  and  alley  intersection.  It  should  be  one-half  (*/>) 
of  an  inch  in  width  for  streets  less  than  twenty  (20) 
feet  wide;  three-fourths  (%)  of  an  inch  for  streets  from 
twenty  (20)  to  thirty  (30)  feet  wide  and  one  (1)  inch  in 
width  for  streets  wider  than  thirty  (30)  feet.  This  joint 
must  extend  to  the  depth  of  the  brick.  No  transverse 
joints  shall  be  allowed.  A  prepared  bituminous  material 
that  will  remain  pliable  at  all  temperatures  to  which  it 
may  be  subjected  as  a  street  paving  filler  shall  be  used 
for  this  purpose.  The  material  should  be  made  into 
strips  of  suitable  length  and  of  the  required  depth  and 
thickness  and  should  be  laid  in  the  pavement  with  the 
ends  closely  joined  as  the  bricks  are  being  laid. 

BRICK 

Section  24.  The  contractor  must  submit  samples 
and  name  the  brand  of  brick  with  prices  respectively 
upon  which  he  submits  bids.  The  brick  must  be  of  the 
quality  and  size  commercially  known  as  vitrified  paving 
block.  They  should  be  reasonably  straight,  uniform  in 
size,  texture  and  shape,  and  should  be  hard,  tough,  evenly 
burned  and  thoroughly  annealed.  When  broken  the 
bricks  should  show  a  uniform  fracture,  free  from  lime, 
marked  laminations  and  other  defects  which  shall  tend 
to  depreciate  their  value  as  a  paving  material.  Kiln- 
marks  must  not  exceed  three-sixteenths  (3-16)  of  an  inch 
in  depth.  If  the  edges  of  the  brick  are  rounded  the  ra- 
dius shall  not  exceed  three-sixteenths  (3-16)  of  an  inch. 
They  shall  have  one  fairly  straight  face  and  be  provided 
with  not  less  than  two  (2)  nor  more  than  four  (4)  pro- 
jections on  one  side  of  the  brick,  which  shall  not  project 
more  than  one-fourth  (%)  of  an  inch  nor  less  than  one- 
eighth  (y$)  of  an  inch. 

Section  25.  The  standard  size  of  paving  brick  shall 
be  three  and  one-half  (3^)  inches  in  width,  four  (4) 
inches  in  depth,  and  eight  and  one-half  (8^)  inches  in 
length,  and  shall  not  vary  from  these  dimensions  more 
than  one-eighth  (l/%)  of  an  inch  in  width  or  depth,  nor 
more  than  one-half  (^)  of  an  inch  in  length.  Bricks 
must  not  vary  in  width  more  than  one-eighth  (l/&)  of 
an  inch  one  from  the  other  in  any  one  shipment. 

12 


Section  26.     The  bricks  shall  not  lose  of  their  weight     Test  Quality 

more  than   per  cent,  after  being  submitted 

to  the  Standard  Rattler  Test,  to  be  made  under  the  speci- 
fications in  the  manner  and  method  and  with  a  rattler 
together  with  the  records  thereof,  as  proposed  by  Com- 
mittee C-3  of  the  American  Society  for  Testing  Materials 
at  their  annual  meeting  in  1913,  as  herein  set  forth.  The 
permissible  loss  to  be  specified  in  any  given  district  or 
municipality  and  for  any  given  purpose  is  a  matter 
wholly  within  the  province  of  the  buyer,  and  should  be 
governed  by  the  kind  and  amount  of  traffic  to  be  carried, 
and  the  quality  of  paving  bricks  available. 


Section  27.  Paving  brick  shall  not  be  judged  for 
acceptance  or  rejection  by  the  results  of  individual  tests, 
but  by  the  average  of  no  less  than  five  (5)  tests.  Where 
a  lot  of  bricks  fail  to  meet  the  required  average,  it  shall 
be  optional  with  the  buyer  whether  the  brick  shall  be 
definitely  rejected  or  whether  they  may  be  regraded  and 
a  portion  selected  for  further  test  as  provided  herein. 

Section  28.  Some  fluctuation  in  the  results  of  the 
rattler  test,  both  on  account  of  variations  in  the  bricks 
and  in  the  machine  used  in  testing  are  unavoidable  and 
a  reasonable  allowance  for  such  fluctuations  should  be 
made,  wherever  the  standard  may  be  fixed. 

Section  29.  In  any  lot  of  paving  brick,  if  the  loss 
on  a  test  computed  upon  its  initial  weight  exceeds  the 
standard  loss  by  more  than  two  (2)  per  cent  then  the 
portion  of  the  lot  represented  by  that  test  shall  at  once 
be  resampled  and  three  more  tests  executed  upon  it, 
and  if  any  of  these  three  tests  shall  again  exceed  by  more 
than  two  (2)  per  cent  of  the  required  standard,  then  that 
portion  of  the  lot  shall  be  rejected. 

Section  30.  If  in  any  lot  of  brick,  two  (2)  or  more 
tests  exceed  the  permissible  maximum,  then  the  buyer 
may  at  his  option  reject  the  entire  lot,  even  though  the 
average  of  all  the  tests  executed  may  be  within  the  re- 
quired limits. 

Section  31.  The  percentage  of  loss  which  shall  be 
taken  as  the  standard  is  as  follows : 


General 
average 

loss 


Maximum 
permissible 
loss 


Basis   of 
Acceptance 
or  Rejection 


Range  of 
Fluctuation 


Abrasion 
Limitation 


Buyer's 
Option 


Standards 


13 


Culling   and 
Retesting 


Payment  of 
Cost  of 
Testing 


Right  of 
the  Buyer 


Broken  or 

Chipped 

Brick 


Character  of 
Disqualification 


Section  32.  Where,  under  Sections  27  and  28  a 
lot  or  portion  of  a  lot  of  brick  is  rejected,  either  by  rea- 
son of  a  failure  to  show  a  low  average  test  or  because 
of  tests  above  the  permissible  maximum,  the  buyer  may 
at  his  option  permit  the  seller  to  regrade  the  rejected 
brick,  separating  out  that  portion  which  he  considers 
good.  When  the  regrading  is  complete,  the  good  por- 
tion shall  be  then  resampled  and  retested,  under  the  orig- 
inal conditions,  and  if  it  fails  again  either  in  average  or 
in  permissible  maximum,  then  the  buyer  may  definitely 
and  finally  reject  the  entire  lot  or  portion  under  test. 

Section  33.  Unless  otherwise  specified,  the  cost  of 
testing  the  material  as  delivered  or  prepared  for  deliv- 
ery, up  to  the  prescribed  number  of  tests  for  valid  ac- 
ceptance or  rejection  of  the  lot,  shall  be  paid  by  the  buy- 
er. (See  also  Section  37).  The  cost  of  testing  extra 
samples  made  necessary  by  the  failure  of  the  whole  lot 
or  any  portion  of  it,  shall  be  paid  by  the  seller,  whether 
the  material  is  finally  accepted  or  not. 

Section  34.  It  shall  be  the  right  of  the  buyer  to  in- 
spect the  bricks,  subsequent  to  their  delivery  at  the  place 
of  use,  and  prior  to  or  during  laying,  to  cull  out  and  re- 
ject upon  the  following  grounds: 

Section  35.  All  bricks  which  are  broken  in  two  or 
chipped  in  such  a  manner  that  neither  wearing  surface 
remains  substantially  intact,  or  that  the  lower  or  bearing 
surface  is  reduced  in  area  by  more  than  one-fifth  (1-5). 
Where  brick  are  rejected  upon  this  ground,  it  shall  be 
the  duty  of  the  purchaser  to  use  them  so  far  as  prac- 
ticable in  obtaining  the  necessary  half  bricks  for  break- 
ing courses  and  making  closures,  instead  of  breaking 
otherwise  whole  and  sound  brick  for  this  purpose. 

Section  36.  All  bricks  which  are  cracked  in  such' 
a  degree  as  to  produce  defects  such  as  defined  in  Section 
35  either  from  shocks  received  in  shipment  and  handling, 
or  defective  conditions  of  manufacture,  especially  in  dry- 
ing, burning  or  cooling,  unless  such  cracks  are  plainly 
superficial  and  not  such  as  to  perceptibly  weaken  the 
resistance  of  the  brick  to  its  conditions  of  use.  All  bricks 
which  are  so  off-size,  or  so  misshapen,  bent,  twisted  or 
kiln-marked,  that  they  will  not  form  a  proper  surface 
as  defined  by  the  paving  specifications  or  align  with  other 
bricks  without  making  joints  other  than  those  permitted 
in  the  paving  specifications. 

14 


Section  37.  All  bricks  which  are  obviously  too  soft 
and  too  poorly  vitrified  to  endure  street  wear.  When 
any  disagreement  arises  between  buyer  and  seller  under 
this  item,  it  shall  be  the  right  of  the  buyer  to  make  two 
or  more  rattler  tests  of  the  brick  which  he  wishes  to 
exclude,  and  if  in  either  or  both  tests,  the  bricks  fall  be- 
yond the  maximum  rattler  losses  permitted  under  the 
specifications,  then  all  bricks  having  the  same  objection- 
able appearance  may  be  excluded,  and  the  seller  must 
pay  for  the  cost  of  the  test.  But  if  under  such  proced- 
ure, the  bricks  which  have  been  tested  as  objectionable, 
shall  pass  the  rattler  test,  both  tests  falling  within  the 
permitted  maximum,  then  the  buyer  cannot  exclude  the 
class  of  material  represented  by  this  test  and  he  shall  pay 
for  the  cost  of  the  test. 

BRICK  LAYING  and  INSPECTION 

Section  38.  Before  the  grading  is  finished  the  bricks 
shall  be  hauled  and  neatly  piled  without  the  curb  line  in 
sufficient  quantities  to  complete  the  brick  surface. 
Clamps  or  conveyors  may  be  used  in  connection  with 
this  work  but  the  brick  shall  not  be  dumped  from  wagons 
nor  shall  they  be  thrown  from  wagons  to  piles  or  from 
cars  to  wagons,  nor  shall  they  be  piled  in  any  location 
where  they  are  likely  to  become  bespattered  or  covered 
with  mud  or  otherwise  injured  unless  thoroughly  pro- 
tected. 

In  delivering  the  bricks  from  the  piles  for  placement 
in  the  streets,  no  wheeling  in  barrows  will  be  allowed 
on  the  brick  surface,  but  they  should  be  carried  on  pal- 
lets, after  they  have  been  first  placed  on  the  pallets  in 
such  order  that  when  delivered  to  the  dropper,  they  will 
lie  in  such  a  position,  that  each  brick  in  the  regular  op- 
eration of  placing  it  upon  the  cushion  as  prepared,  will 
bring  the  projections  in  the  same  direction  and  the  best 
edge  uppermost. 


Partial 

Acceptance  or 
Rejection 


15 


c 

ci 

DC 


Upon  the  cushion  as  prepared  the  bricks  shall  be 
laid  perpendicular  with  the  best  edge  up,  the  projections 
in  one  direction,  and  with  the  courses  straight  and  at 
right  angles  to  the  curb  line.  All  joints  must  be  broken 
at  least  three  (3)  inches.  After  the  bricks  are  laid  the 
end  joints  must  be  made  close  and  immediately  batted 
in  at  the  curb  line.  At  every  fourth  course  or  as  often 
as  directed  the  bricks  are  to  be  closed  up  and  courses 
straightened  by  tapping  lightly  with  a  sledge  on  a  four 
by  four-inch  timber  three  feet  in  length,  provided  for 
that  purpose.  Nothing  but  whole  bricks  shall  be  used 
except  in  starting  and  finishing  courses,  or  in  such  case 
as  may  be  specially  directed  by  the  engineer.  The  cut- 
ting and  trimming  of  bricks  shall  be  done  by  experienced 
men,  and  the  fractured  ends  turned  towards  the  center 
of  the  street.  For  closures  nothing  less  than  two 
and  one-half  (2y2)  inch  bats  shall  be  used.  Broken  and 
chipped  bricks  fit  for  batting  shall  be  used  as  provided 
in  Section  35.  All  bricks  when  laid  shall  be  clean  and 
kept  clean  and  entirely  free  from  dirt  or  other  foreign 
matter  until  pavement  is  completed.  All  the  work  of 
brick  laying  shall  be  over  the  brick  already  laid.  Tramp- 
ing upon  the  cushion  is  prohibited.  As  soon  as  any  sur- 
plus of  delivery  of  brick  is  ascertained,  they  shall  be 
promptly  moved  forward  for  use. 

Section  39.  After  the  brick  have  been  laid,  the  chips  Preparation 
shall  be  swept  from  the  street,  all  soft  brick  removed  or 
those  badly  broken,  badly  spawled  or  misshapen  shall  be 
turned  over  or  removed  by  the  contractor.  Bricks  slight- 
ly chipped  on  corners  otherwise  good,  shall  be  accepted. 
All  rejected  brick  suitable  for  batting  in  shall  be  carried 
forward  and  used  for  that  purpose ;  the  remainder  shall 
be  placed  in  separate  piles  along  the  street.  The  inspector 
shall  keep  the  bricks  culled  and  the  contractor  shall 
make  the  necessary  changes  and  replacements  so  that 
the  work  at  all  times  shall  be  ready  for  the  grouting  with- 
in one  hundred  (100)  feet  of  the  brick  laying. 


17 


Manner  of 
Rolling 


ROLLING 

Section  40.  After  the  bricks  in  the  pavement  have 
been  inspected  and  the  surface  of  the  pavement  swept 
clean,  the  pavement  shall  be  rolled  with  a  tandem  self- 
propelling  roller,  weighing  not  less  than  three  (3)  nor 
more  than  five  (5)  tons,  in  the  following  manner:  the 
rolling  will  commence  near  the  curb  at  a  slow  pace  and 
continue  back  and  forth  until  the  center  of  the  pave- 
ment is  reached,  then  pass  to  the  opposite  curb  and  re- 
peat in  the  same  manner  to  the  center  of  the  street.  After 
the  first  passage  of  the  roller  the  pace  may  be  quickened. 
The  pavement  shall  then  be  rolled  transversely  at  an 
angle  of  forty-five  (45)  degrees  to  the  curb,  repeat  the 
rolling  in  like  manner  in  the  opposite  direction,  then  roll 
parallel  with  the  curb  until  the  surface  is  smooth. 

Section  41.  Before  this  last  rolling  takes  place  all 
broken  or  injured  brick  must  be  taken  up  and  replaced 
with  acceptable  ones.  Portions  of  the  pavement  inac- 
cessible to  the  roller  shall  be  tamped  to  grade  by  the  use 
of  a  hand  tamper  applied  upon  a  two-inch  board.  The 
joints  should  be  inspected  and  if  the  cushion  has  been 
forced  up  between  the  bricks  more  than  one-half  (T/2) 
inch,  they  shall  be  re-laid  and  re-rolled. 

Section  42.     After  the  final  rolling  the  surface  shall     Testing 
be  tested  with  a  ten  (10)  foot  straight  edge  laid  parallel     £°en  wo°rk 
with  the  curb,  and  any  depressions  exceeding  one-quarter 
of  an  inch  must  be  taken  out. 


Examination 
arid   Inspection 


19 


CEMENT  GROUT  FILLER 


Proportions 


Cement 


Sand 


Filter 
Application 


Section  43.  The  cement  grout  used  in  filling  the 
joints  in  the  bricks  shall  consist  of  one  (1)  part  of  ce- 
ment and  one  (1)  part  of  sand. 

Section  44.  The  cement  shall  meet  the  requirements 
of  the  Standard  Specifications  for  Portland  cement  of 
the  American  Society  for  Testing  Materials,  adopted 
August  15,  1909,  with  amendments  and  additions  thereto 
adopted  by  said  Society. 

Section  45.  The  sand  for  the  grout  filler  shall  be 
composed  of  clean,  sharp,  well  graded  quartz  grains  and 
shall  not  contain  more  than  one  per  cent,  by  weight,  of 
clay  or  silt.  The  grains  shall  be  such  size  that  all  will 
pass  a  No.  12  sieve  and  that  not  more  than  40  per  cent 
will  pass  a  No.  50  sieve,  and  be  approved  by  the  engineer. 

Section  46.  Before  the  grout  is  applied  the  bricks 
should  be  thoroughly  wet  by  sprinkling.  After  equal 
portions  of  the  cement  and  sand  have  been  thoroughly 
mixed  until  the  mass  assumes  a  uniform  color,  a  small 
batch  not  exceeding  two  (2)  cubic  feet  shall  be  placed 
in  a  suitable  box*  or  a  machine  specially  adapted  for 
that  purpose,  by  slowly  adding  water  and  thoroughly 
mixing  until  the  mixture  is  of  the  consistency  that  would 
readily  flow  into  the  joints  without  separation.  Ample 
time  must  be  taken  in  preparing  this  liquid  mixture,  first 
making  a  plastic  mortar,  then  gradually  thinning  by 
mixing  and  slowly  adding  water,  continue  the  mixing 
until  all  is  removed  and  applied  to  the  surface  in  small 
quantities.  The  application  should  be  continued  until 
the  joints  appear  to  be  filled.  Any  surplus  material  re- 
maining on  the  bricks  shall  then  be  swept  into  the  joints. 
Extreme  care  must  be  taken  that  the  joints  are  not  ce- 
mented over  and  that  the  filler  extends  down  to  the  bot- 
tom of  the  brick.  After  the  first  coat  has  had  a  chance 
to  settle  and  before  the  initial  set  develops,  a  second 
coat  shall  be  applied  in  a  similar  manner  with  a  some- 
what thicker  grout.  After  this  application  has  had  time 
to  settle  and  before  the  initial  set  takes  place,  the  pave- 
ment shall  be  finished  to  a  smooth  surface  with  a  squee- 
gee having  a  rubber  edge  which  shall  be  worked  over 
the  brick  at  an  angle  with  the  joints,  thus  leaving  them 
entirely  filled.  The  manner  of  application  and  equip- 
ment to  be  used  shall  be  approved  by  the  engineer. 

20 


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The  completed  grout  box  as  made  from  the  drawing  on  the  opposite  page, 
Note  the   "one  lowest  corner"  as  secured  by  legs  of  different  lengths 


Section  47.  The  contractor  must  provide  thin  metal 
strips  one-sixteenth  (1-16)  of  an  inch  by  six  (6)  inches 
by  three  (3)  feet  long  and  insert  same  in  the  brick  joints 
across  the  street  when  closing  up  a  stretch  of  grouting 
at  work  intervals,  so  that  the  grouting  will  end  in  a 
vertical  joint.  These  strips  must  be  taken  out  when  the 
grout  becomes  stiff  and  before  the  initial  set. 

Section  48.  After  the  surface  has  been  thoroughly 
inspected  and  if  approved,  and  sufficient  time  for  setting 
has  taken  place  so  that  a  coating  of  sand  or  earth  will  not 
absorb  any  moisture  from  the  cement  mixture,  the  sur- 
face shall  be  covered  with  a  layer  of  one-half  (l/2)  inch 
or  more  of  sand  or  earth  to  prevent  too  rapid  drying  of 
the  filler.  This  shall  be  kept  moist  for  at  least  four  (4) 
days,  and  no  traffic  should  be  allowed  on  the  street  for  a 
period  of  at  least  eight  (8)  days,  or  longer,  as  the  en- 
gineer may  require  on  account  of  weather  conditions. 

*  Note :  Box  recommended  by  the  National  Paving 
Brick  Manufacturers  Association. 


Work  Intervals 


Protection  for 
Setting 


23 


ALTERNATIVES 
CONCRETE  CURBING 

If  concrete  curbing  is  to  be  used,  eliminate  Sections 
6  and  7  and  substitute  the  following : 

The  concrete  for  the  curb  shall  be  composed  of  the 
kind  of  aggregate  specified  herein  for  the  base.  It  shall 
be  thoroughly  mixed  in  a  batch  mixer  and  so  propor- 
tioned that cubic  feet  of  the  concrete  in  place 

shall  contain  ninety-four  (94)  pounds  of  cement.  The 
concrete  shall  be  set  true  between  the  forms  which  have 
heretofore  been  set  true  to  grade  and  alignment  and  held 
securely  in  place  by  stakes  and  clamps.  The  concrete 
shall  be  tamped  with  a  spade  until  the  mortar  flushes 
against  the  form  and  to  the  surface.  The  upper  surface, 
exposed  sides  and  edges  of  the  curb  shall  then  be  finished 
by  scouring  with  a  wood  float.  The  curb  shall,  upon 

completion,  be  kept  covered  for  not  less  than   

days,  to  prevent  too  rapid  "drying. 

CONCRETE  FILLED  BRICK  PAVEMENT 
WITHOUT  CURBS  WITH  COMBINED 
FOUNDATION  AND  EDGING  TO  PROTECT 
AND  HOLD  THE  SAND  FILLER,  AN  ADAP- 
TATION PARTICULARLY  SUITABLE  FOR 
PARKWAYS  AND  COUNTRY  HIGHWAYS 

The  concrete  foundation  shall  be  constructed  three 
(3)  inches  wider  than  the  brick  wearing  surface  and  upon 
either  edge  of  the  foundation  shall  be  built  an  edging 
of  one  and  one-half  (lj^)  inches  by  one  and  one-half 
(1^)  inches.  This  edging  shall  be  built  immediately 
following  the  spreading  of  the  foundation  proper  in  suit- 
able forms  and  tamped  in  sufficiently  to  form  a  perfect 
adhesion  with  the  foundation. 

CEMENT  FILLED   BRICK    PAVE- 
MENT—Eliminating  the  Curb 

Upon  the  foundation  and  cushion,  shall  be  laid  a 
brick  pavement  constructed  as  hereinbefore  specified  for 
the  laying  of  brick  pavements,  except  that  the  forms  (in- 
stead of  curbs)  to  be  used  shall  be  two  inch  planks,  of 
the  depth  necessary  to  cover  the  depth  of  the  pavement 
as  specified,  and  shall  be  set  firmly  to  grade  and  made 
rigid  by  staking  and  bracing.  The  bricks  in  the  road- 
pavement  shall  be  so  laid  that  all  fractured  ends  of  the 
way  shall  be  laid  as  above  specified.  The  edge  of  the 
blocks  or  bricks  shall  be  laid  toward  the  center  of  the 
pavement,  leaving  the  edge  finished  and  true  to  line, 
and  that  no  bats  shall  be  used  smaller  than  one-half  a 

25 


brick,  the  end  of  the  adjoining  brick  shall  be  broken  off 
to  accomplish  this  result.  In  all  cases  this  pavement 
shall  be  finished  with  a  cement  filler,  as  hereinbefore  set 
forth  in  these  specifications. 

After  the  pavement  is  completed,  and  the  cement 
filler  has  set  up  sufficiently,  the  form  boards  shall  be 
removed  and  the  space  filled  in  with  the  natural  earth, 
thoroughly  compacted ;  or,  if  a  stone  or  gravel  shoulder 
is  provided  in  the  specifications,  the  filling  material  shall 
be  thoroughly  rolled  and  compacted  so  as  to  conform 
to  the  cross-section  of  the  roadway. 

CRUSHED  STONE  FOUNDATION 

If  crushed  stone  foundation  is  to  be  used,  substitute 
the  following  for  Sections  10  to  20  inclusive: 

Upon  the  sub-grade  formed  and  compacted  there 
shall  be  spread  a  foundation  of  clean  crushed  stone,  of 
good  quality,  and  of  sufficient  quantity,  that  after  being 
bonded  with  enough  screenings  to  fill  all  interstices  and 
sufficiently  flooded  with  water  to  allow  of  its  being  thor- 
oughly compacted,  and  rolled  with  a  three-wheeled  self- 
propelling  roller  of  not  less  than  ten  (10)  tons  in  weight 

shall  measure inches  in  depth.     The  top  surface 

of  this  foundation  shall  be  parallel  with  and  at  an  eleva- 
tion of '•';  inches  below  the  finished  arc  of  the  pave- 
ment. The  ••-Stone  shall  be  practically  uniform  in  quality 
and  shall  be  crushed  and  screened  so  as  to  pass  through 

a  screen  with  openings    inches  in  diameter,  and 

be  retained  on  a  screen  with  openings  one  (1)  inch  in 
diameter — said  foundation  shall  be  laid,  bonded  and 

rolled  in courses — the  bottom  course inches 

in   depth   and   the   top   course    inches    in   depth. 

After  the  limestone  screenings  are  spread  upon  the  stone, 
each  course  shall  be  rolled  dry  at  least  twice  before 
water  is  applied. 

OLD  GRAVEL   OR  MACADAM 
FOUNDATION 

If  old  gravel  or  macadam  foundation  is  to  be  used, 
substitute  the  following  in  place  of  Sections  10  to  20 
inclusive : 

The  present  macadam  or  gravel  foundation  shall 
be  cleaned  of  all  earth  and  refuse  and  shall  be  scarified 
to  such  a  depth  as  when  graded  to  a  true  cross-section  it 
shall  have  loose  material  over  its  entire  surface  to  a 

26 


depth  of  not  less  than  two  (2)  inches.  The  surface  of 
this  roadway  shall  be  built  up  with  loose  stone  to  such 
a  depth  as  when  rolled  it  will  assume  a  cross-section  of 
the  finished  foundation.  The  material  used  in  building 
up  the  old  roadway  shall  be  crushed  stone  or  gravel  that 
will  pass  a  one  (1)  inch  screen  and  be  retained  on  a  one- 
fourth  (*4)  inch  screen  and  covered  with  enough  screen- 
ings to  fill  all  the  interstices  and  sufficiently  flooded  with 
water  to  allow  it  to  be  thoroughly  compacted,  then 
rolled  with  a  three  wheeled  self-propelling  roller  not  less 
than  ten  (10)  tons  in  weight.  The  surface  shall  present 
a  thoroughly  bonded  and  filled  cross-section  so  as  to  pre- 
vent the  cushion  from  sifting  through  it. 

No.  2  PAVING  BRICK 
FOUNDATION 

If  No.  2  paving  brick  foundation  is  to  be  used,  sub- 
stitute the  following  in  place  of  Sections  10  to  20  in- 
clusive : 

Upon  the  sub-grade  as  heretofore  specified  shall  be 
spread  a  base  of  sand  two  (2)  inches  in  thickness  which 
shall  be  brought  to  a  perfect  grade,  conforming  to  that 
of  the  finished  pavement.  There  shall  be  laid  flatwise, 
parallel  with  the  street,  upon  this  grade  thus  prepared, 
a  layer  of  No.  2  paving  brick,  the  interstices  of  which 
shall  be  filled  with  sand.  The  brick  shall  be  rolled  as 
provided  in  Section  40. 

BRICK  PAVEMENT  ON  NATURAL  EARTH 
WITHOUT  AN  ARTIFICIAL  FOUNDATION 

In  the  construction  of  such  a  pavement,  eliminate 
Sections  10  to  20  inclusive. 

SAND  FILLER 

If  sand  filler  is  to  be  used  instead  of  cement  filler, 
eliminate  Sections  43  to  47  inclusive  and  substitute  the 
following: 

All  of  the  interstices  between  the  bricks  shall  be 
completely  filled  with  clean,  fine  'dry  sand,  which  shall 
be  spread  upon  the  surface  of  the  brick  to  the  thickness 
of  one-half  (^2)  inch,  over  which  shall  be  drawn  a  sweep- 
er, roller  or  brush.  This  should  be  repeatedly  gone  over 
and  additional  sand  added,  until  the  interstices  are  com- 
pletely filled  and  a  surplus  of  one-quarter  (^4)  of  an 
inch  of  sand  remaining  on  top. 

27 


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Earth  in 
Excavation 


Specif  ications  for  the  Construction 

of 

Vitrified    Brick   Highways 

GRADING 

Section  1.  The  road  bed  will  be  considered  as  that 
portion  of  the  road  upon  which  the  base  of  the  brick 
roadway  and  edging  is  laid  and  also  that  portion  of  the 
roadway  upon  which  the  crushed  stone  shoulders  or 
berms  and  side  roads  are  to  be  constructed.  All  of  which 
is  to  be  improved  including  the  approaches  thereto,  and 
graded  and  drained  to  such  grades,  sub-grades  and  cross- 
sections  as  are  shown  by  the  plans  of  the  engineer. 

Section  2.  Earth  in  excavation  shall  be  removed 
with  plow  and  scraper  or  other  device  to  such  a  depth 
as  when  rolled  will  conform  to  the  true  sub-grade.  (The 
roller  for  this  purpose  should  be  three  wheeled,  self- 
propelling  and  should  weigh  not  less  than  six  nor  more 
than  ten  tons.)  Excess  of  material  from  excavations 
beyond  that  which  is  necessary  to  be  used  in  embank- 
ment may  be  wasted  in  widening  the  roadway. 

Section  3.  Earth  in  embankment  must  be  applied 
in  layers  not  more  than  six  (6)  inches  in  thickness,  and 
each  layer  shall  extend  entirely  across  from  the  toe  of 
the  slope  on  one  side  to  the  toe  of  the  slope  on  the  other 
side,  and  each  layer  shall  be  thoroughly  rolled ;  all  spongy 
and  soft  earth  that  cannot  be  made  firm  by  rolling  shall 
be  removed  and  replaced  with  suitable  material.  Care- 
ful attention  should  be  given  to  bring  the  entire  sub- 
grade  to  a  uniform  density. 

If  insufficient  material  for  embankment  is  obtained 
from  the  section  of  the  roadway  where  materials  must  be 
excavated,  then  additional  material  for  embankment  will 
be  secured  from  borrow  pits  the  location  of  which  is 
shown  on  plans. 

Section  4.  After  the  roadbed  or  foundation  has 
been  completed  ready  for  the  pavement,  no  loaded  or 
empty  wagons  or  other  vehicles  that  might  disturb  the 
finished  surface  shall  be  permitted  thereon,  unless  the 
surface  is  properly  protected. 

30 


Earth  in 
Embankment 


Protection    of 
Sub-Grade 


DRAINAGE 

Section  5.     Drainage   should  be  provided   sufficient       Drainage 
to  rapidly  remove  all  water  from  the  roadway  to  a  depth 
of  not  less  than  eighteen   (18)  inches  below  its  finished 
surface. 

CONCRETE  EDGING 

Section  6.     At  either  edge  of  the  brick  work  shall       Concrete 

be  placed  an  edging inches  in  thickness  and 

inches  in  depth. 

Section  7.  The  concrete  for  the  edging  shall  be  Composition 
composed  of  the  kind  of  aggregate  specified  herein  for 
the  base.  It  shall  be  thoroughly  mixed  in  a  batch  mixer 
and  so  proportioned  that cubic  feet  of  the  con- 
crete in  place  shall  contain  ninety-four  (94)  pounds  of 
cement.  The  concrete  shall  be  placed  between  the  forms 
which  have  heretofore  been  set  true  to  grade  and  align- 
ment and  held  securely  in  place  by  stakes  and  clamps. 
The  concrete  shall  be  tamped  until  the  mortar  flushes 
against  the  form  and  to  the  surface.  The  upper  surface 
of  the  edging  shall  then  be  finished  by  scouring  with  a 
wood  float.  The  edging  shall,  upon  completion,  be  kept 

covered   for  not   less   than    days   to   prevent  too 

rapid  drying. 

Section  8.  During  or  after  the  construction  of  the 
road  bed,  earth  side  roads  and  berms  shall  be  construct- 
ed. They  shall  be  made  true  to  the  alignment  and  cross- 
section  shown  on  the  plans.  The  earth  side  roads  shall 
be  thoroughly  rolled.  No  material  containing  weeds, 
roots  or  decomposed  vegetable  matter  shall  be  used  in 
the  construction  of  the  earth  side  roads.  If  macadam 
shoulders  are  provided  on  the  plans,  the  earth  side  roads 
shall  be  rolled  before  or  during  the  rolling  of  the  ma- 
cadam shoulders. 

Section  9.  In  filling  hillside  embankments  where 
the  fill  exceeds  two  feet  the  surface  should  be  thoroughly 
broken  up  and  steeped.  No  material  containing  roots, 
stumps  or  decomposed  vegetable  matter  shall  be  used 
in  the  construction  of  any  part  of  the  road  bed  or  al- 
lowed to  remain  within  two  (2)  feet  of  the  surface 
thereof. 

31 


CONCRETE  FOUNDATION 


Cement 


Water 


Fine 
Aggregate 


Coarse 
Aggregate 


Concrete 
Proportions 


Mixing 


Section  10.  Cement  used  in  the  work  shall  meet 
the  requirements  of  the  Standard  Specifications  for  Port- 
land  Cement  of  the  American  Society  for  Testing  Mater- 
ials, adopted  August  16,  1909,  with  amendments  and  ad- 
ditions thereto  adopted  by  said  Society. 

Section  11.  Water  used  in  mixing  the  concrete 
shall  be  clean,  free  from  oil,  acid,  strong  alkalies  or  vege- 
table matter. 

Section  12.  Fine  aggregate  shall  consist  of  screen- 
ings from  hard  durable  sand,  gravel,  granite  or  other 
hard  rock  and  must  not  contain  more  than  five  (5)  per 
cent  of  clay.  It  shall  be  reasonably  uniformly  graded 
from  a  size  which  will  pass  through  a  one-fourth  (%) 
inch  screen  down.  Sand  containing  disintegrated  shale 
or  slate  shall  not  be  used. 

Section  13.  Coarse  aggregate  shall  consist  of 
sound  gravel,  stone,  vitrified  clay  or  slag.  It  shall  be 
free  from  all  foreign  matter,  uniformly  graded,  and  shall 
range  in  size  from  one-fourth  (%)  inch  up  to  that  which 
will  pass  a  one  and  one-half  (1^)  inch  revolving  screen. 


Section   14.     The    cement    and    aggregate    shall    be 
measured  separately  and  then  mixed  in  such  proportions 
that  the  resulting  concrete  shall  contain  fine  aggregate 
amounting  to  one-half  (l/2)  of  the  volume  of  the  coarse 
aggregate,  and  that   ........   cubic  feet  of  the  concrete 

in  place  will  contain  ninety-four  (94)  pounds  of  cement. 

Section  15.  The  ingredients  of  the  concrete  shall 
be  thoroughly  mixed,  sufficient  water  being  added  to  ob- 
tain the  desired  consistency,  and  the  mixing  continued 
until  the  materials  are  uniformly  distributed,  and  each 
particle  of  the  fine  aggregate  is  thoroughly  coated  with 
cement  and  each  particle  of  coarse  aggregate  is  thor- 
oughly coated  with  mortar.  A  batch  concrete  mixer 
must  be  used,  the  materials  must  be  proportioned  dry, 
and  then  deposited  in  the  mixer  all  at  the  same  time. 
The  mixer  must  produce  a  concrete  of  uniform  consis- 
tency and  color,  with  the  stones  thoroughly  mixed  with 
the  water,  sand  and  cement. 


32 


Section  16.  The  materials  shall  be  mixed  wet 
enough  to  produce  a  concrete  of  a  consistency  which 
can  be  handled  without  causing  a  separation  of  the 
coarse  aggregate  from  the  mortar  while  being  spread 
into  position  with  a  template,  straight  edge  or  back  of 
a  shovel. 

Section  17.  Retempering,  that  is,  remixing  with  ad- 
ditional water,  mortar  or  concrete  that  has  partially 
hardened,  shall  not  be  permitted.  No  concrete  shall  be 
mixed  while  the  air  temperature  is  below  32  degrees  F. 
except  with  the  consent  of  the  engineer. 

Section  18.  The  concrete  shall  be  deposited  in  a 
layer  on  the  sub-grade  in  such  quantities  that  it  will  be 
of  the  required  thickness  and  the  upper  surface  shall  be 
smooth,  true,  uniform  and  parallel  with  the  surface  of 
the  finished  pavement  and  must  not  exceed  a  limit  of 
one-half  (^)  inch  from  the  true  surface.  In  conveying 
the  concrete  from  the  place  of  mixing  to  the  place  of 
deposit,  the  operation  must  be  conducted  in  such  a  man- 
ner that  no  mortar  will  be  lost  and  the  concrete  must  be 
so  handled  that  the  foundation  will  be  of  uniform  compo- 
sition throughout,  showing  no  excess  or  lack  of  mortar 
in  any  place.  If  the  sub-grade  is  exceedingly  dry  it  shall 
be  moistened. 

Section  19.     This  foundation  shall  be inches 

in  thickness,  with  its  upper  surface  finished  to    

inches  below  the  grade  of  the  finished  pavement. 

Section  20.  When  complete,  the  foundation  shall 
be  kept  moist  for  not  less  than  two  (2)  days.  No  loaded 
or  empty  wagons  or  other  vehicles  that  might  disturb 
the  finished  surface  shall  be  permitted  thereon,  unless 
the  surface  is  properly  protected. 

CUSHION 

Section  21.  Upon  the  foundation  shall  be  spread 
a  cushion  which  will  be  one  and  one-half  (1>^)  inches 
in  depth  after  the  same  has  been  thoroughly  and  firmly 
compacted  by  rolling.  The  material  for  this  cushion  shall 
consist  of  granulated  slag,  stone  dust,  or  a  loamy  sand 
which  will  firmly  compact  by  rolling  and  must  pass  a 
quarter  (^4)  inch  screen. 


Consistency 


Precautionary 
Measures 


Placing 
Concrete 


Thickness 


Protection 


Character  of 
Material 


33 


How  Spread 
and  Prepared 


Expansion 
Joints 


Section  22.  The  cushion  must  be  carefully  shaped 
to  a  true  cross-section,  parallel  with  the  finished  road- 
way, by  means  of  a  template  covering  at  least  one-half 
(^)  of  the  width  of  the  brick  work,  and  so  made  as  to 
be  easily  drawn  over  the  curb  or  guide  rail.  Guide  tim- 
bers shall  be  one  and  one-half  (1^>)  inches  by  four  (4) 
inches,  and  not  less  than  fourteen  (14)  feet  in  length, 
and  laid  to  a  true  line  parallel  with  the  grade  in  the  cen- 
ter of  the  street  and  next  to  the  curb  (if  top  of  curb  can- 
not be  used).  Before  shaping  the  cushion,  a  one-half 
(y2)  inch  strip  shall  be  laid  on  the  curb  or  guide  rail 
and  strip  of  same  thickness  laid  on  guide  timbers  in  the 
center  of  street,  and  a  template  drawn  over  the  same 
leaving  the  cushion  complete  in  place  one-half  (l/2)  inch 
above  the  surface  required,  after  which  the  one-half 
(y2)  inch  strip  shall  be  removed  and  the  surface  rolled 
thoroughly  with  a  hand  roller.  After  rolling,  the  tem- 
plate shall  be  drawn  over  the  curb  and  guide  timbers  to 
complete  the  cushion.  If  the  cushion  should  not  be  uni- 
formly compacted  and  parallel  to  the  surface  of  the  fin- 
ished pavement,  the  operations  shall  be  repeated.  The 
operations  of  shaping  the  foundation  for  the  pavement 
and  of  compressing  and  shaping  the  cushion  for  the 
brick  are  considered  of  prime  importance  in  securing  the 
desired  evenness  in  the  surface  of  the  finished  pavement, 
and  the  contractor  will  be  required  to  equip  himself  with 
the  proper  implements  approved  by  the  engineer  and  to 
secure  skilled  men  for  this  part  of  the  work.  The  roller 
for  rolling  the  cushion  shall  weigh  not  less  than  ten  (10) 
pounds  per  inch  in  length  and  should  be  approximately 
twenty-four  (24)  inches  in  diameter  and  not  more  than 
thirty  (30)  inches  in  length  and  may  be  in  sections. 

EXPANSION  JOINTS 

Section  23.  Expansion  joints  shall  be  placed  par- 
allel with  and  at  each  curb  line  and  extend  across  each 
street  and  alley  intersection.  It  should  be  one-half  (V2) 
of  an  inch  in  width  for  streets  less  than  twenty  (20)  feet 
wide;  three-fourths  (^4)  of  an  inch  for  streets  from 
twenty  (20)  to  thirty  (30)  feet  wide  and  one  (1)  inch  in 
width  for  streets  wider  than  thirty  (30)  feet.  This  joint 
must  extend  to  the  depth  of  the  brick.  No  transverse 
joints  shall  be  allowed.  A  prepared  bituminous  material 
that  will  remain  pliable  at  all  temperatures  to  which  it 
may  be  subjected  as  a  street  paving  filler  shall  be  used 
for  this  purpose.  The  material  should  be  made  into 
strips  of  suitable  length  and  of  the  required  depth  and 
thickness  and  should  be  laid  in  the  pavement  with  the 
ends  closely  joined  as  the  bricks  are  being  laid. 

34 


BRICK 

Section  24.  The  contractor  must  submit  samples  Quality  and 
and  name  the  brand  of  brick  with  prices  respectively  Character 
upon  which  he  submits  bids.  The  brick  must  be  of  the 
quality  and  size  commercially  known  as  vitrified  paving 
block.  They  should  be  reasonably  straight,  uniform  in 
size,  texture  and  shape,  and  should  be  hard,  tough,  evenly 
burned  and  thoroughly  annealed.  When  broken  the 
bricks  should  show  a  uniform  fracture,  free  from  lime, 
marked  laminations  and  other  defects  which  shall  tend 
to  depreciate  their  value  as  a  paving  material.  Kiln- 
marks  must  not  exceed  three-sixteenths  (T%)  of  an  inch 
in  depth.  If  the  edges  of  the  brick  are  rounded  the  radius 
shall  not  exceed  three-sixteenths  (T3«j)  of  an  inch.  They 
shall  have  one  fairly  straight  face  and  be  provided  with 
not  less  than  two  (2)  nor  more  than  four  (4)  projections 
on  one  side  of  the  brick,  which  shall  not  project  more 
than  one-fourth  (^4)  of  an  inch  nor  less  than  one-eighth 

of  an  inch. 


Section  25.  The  standard  size  of  paving  brick  shall  Size 
be  three  and  one-half  (3^)  inches  in  width,  four  (4) 
inches  in  depth,  and  eight  and  one-half  (8^)  inches  in 
length,  and  shall  not  vary  from  these  dimensions  more 
than  one-eighth  (^g)  of  an  inch  in  width  or  depth,  nor 
more  than  one-half  (l/2)  of  an  inch  in  length.  Bricks 
must  not  vary  in  width  more  than  one-eighth  (^)  of  an 
inch  one  from  the  other  in  any  one  shipment. 

Section  26.    The  bricks  shall  not  lose  of  their  weight     Test  Quality 
more  than  ..................  per  cent,  after  being  sub- 

mitted to  the  Standard  Rattler  Test,  to  be  made  under 
the  specifications  in  the  manner  and  method  and  with  a 
rattler  together  with  the  records  thereof,  as  proposed  by 
Committee  C-3  of  the  American  Society  for  Testing  Ma- 
terials at  their  annual  meeting  in  1913,  as  herein  set 
forth.  The  permissible  loss  to  be  specified  in  any  given 
district  or  municipality  and  for  any  given  purpose  is  a 
matter  wholly  within  the  province  of  the  buyer,  and 
should  be  governed  by  the  kind  and  amount  of  traffic 
to  be  carried,  and  the  quality  of  paving  bricks  available. 

Section  27.     Paving  brick  shall  not  be  judged  for     Basis  of 
acceptance  or  rejection  by  the  results  of  individual  tests,     Acceptance  or 
but  by  the  average  of  no  less  than  five  (5)  tests.    Where 
a  lot  of  bricks  fail  to  meet  the  required  average,  it  shall 
be  optional  with  the  buyer  whether  the  brick  shall  be 
definitely  rejected  or  whether  they  may  be  regraded  and 
a  portion  selected  for  further  test  as  provided  herein. 

35 


Range  of 
Fluctuation 


Abrasion 
Limitation 


Buyer's 
Option 


Standards 


Culling  and 
Retesting 


Payment  of 
Cost  of 
Testing 


Right  of 
the  Buyer 


Section  28.  Some  fluctuation  in  the  results  of  the 
rattler  test,  both  on  account  of  variations  in  the  bricks 
and  in  the  machine  used  in  testing  are  unavoidable  and 
a  reasonable  allowance  for  such  fluctuations  should  be 
made,  wherever  the  standard  may  be  fixed. 

Section  29.  In  any  lot  of  paving  brick,  if  the  loss  on 
a  test  computed  upon  its  initial  weight  exceeds  the 
standard  loss  by  more  than  two  (2)  per  cent  then  the 
portion  of  the  lot  represented  by  that  test  shall  at  once 
be  resampled  and  three  more  tests  executed  upon  it,  and 
if  any  of  these  three  tests  shall  again  exceed  by  more 
than  two  (2)  per  cent  of  the  required  standard,  then  that 
portion  of  the  lot  shall  be  rejected. 

Section  30.  If  in  any  lot  of  brick,  two  (2)  or  more 
tests  exceed  the  permissible  maximum,  then  the  buyer 
may  at  his  option  reject  the  entire  lot,  even  though  the 
average  of  all  the  tests  executed  may  be  within  the  re- 
quired limits. 

Section  31.  The  percentage  of  loss  which  shall  be 
taken  as  the  standard  is  as  follows : 

General  Maximum 

average  permissible 

loss loss_ 

Section  32.  Where,  under  Sections  27  and  28  a  lot 
or  portion  of  a  lot  of  brick  is  rejected,  either  by  reason  of 
a  failure  to  show  a  low  average  test  or  because  of  tests 
above  the  permissible  maximum,  the  buyer  may  at  his 
option  permit  the  seller  to  regrade  the  rejected  brick, 
separating  out  that  portion  which  he  considers  good. 
When  the  regrading  is  complete,  the  good  portion  shall 
be  then  resampled  and  retested,  under  the  original  con- 
ditions, and  if  it  fails  again  either  in  average  or  in  per- 
missible maximum,  then  the  buyer  may  definitely  and 
finally  reject  the  entire  lot  or  portion  under  test. 

Section  33.  Unless  otherwise  specified,  the  cost  of 
testing  the  material  as  delivered  or  prepared  for  delivery, 
up  to  the  prescribed  number  of  tests  for  valid  acceptance 
or  rejection  of  the  lot,  shall  be  paid  by  the  buyer.  (See 
also  Section  37.)  The  cost  of  testing  extra  samples  made 
necessary  by  the  failure  of  the  whole  lot  or  any  portion 
of  it,  shall  be  paid  by  the  seller,  whether  the  material  is 
finally  accepted  or  not. 

Section  34.  It  shall  be  the  right  of  the  buyer  to  in- 
spect the  bricks,  subsequent  to  their  delivery  at  the  place 
of  use,  and  prior  to  or  during  laying,  to  cull  out  and 
reject  upon  the  following  grounds : 

36 


Section  35.  All  bricks  which  are  broken  in  two  or 
chipped  in  such  a  manner  that  neither  wearing  surface 
remains  substantially  intact,  or  that  the  lower  or  bearing 
surface  is  reduced  in  area  by  more  than  one-fifth  (1-5). 
Where  brick  are  rejected  upon  this  ground,  it  shall  be  the 
duty  of  the  purchaser  to  use  them  so  far  as  practicable 
in  obtaining  the  necessary  half  bricks  for  breaking 
courses  and  making  closures,  instead  of  breaking  other- 
wise whole  and  sound  brick  for  this  purpose. 

Section  36.  All  bricks  which  are  cracked  in  such  a 
degree  as  to  produce  defects  such  as  defined  in  Section  35 
either  from  shocks  received  in  shipment  and  handling,  or 
defective  conditions  of  manufacture,  especially  in  dry- 
ing, burning  or  cooling,  unless  such  cracks  are  plainly 
superficial  and  not  such  as  to  perceptibly  weaken  the  re- 
sistance of  the  brick  to  its  conditions  of  use.  All  bricks 
which  are  so  off-size  or  so  misshapen,  bent,  twisted  or 
kiln-marked,  that  they  will  not  form  a  proper  surface  as 
defined  by  the  paving  specifications  or  align  with  other 
bricks  without  making  joints  other  than  those  permitted 
in  the  paving  specifications. 

Section  37.  All  bricks  which  are  obviously  too  soft 
and  too  poorly  vitrified  to  endure  street  wear.  When  any 
disagreement  arises  between  buyer  and  seller  under  this 
item,  it  shall  be  the  right  of  the  buyer  to  make  two  or 
more  rattler  tests  of  the  brick  which  he  wishes  to  ex- 
clude, and  if  in  either  or  both  tests,  the  bricks  fall  beyond 
the  maximum  rattler  losses  permitted  under  the  specifi- 
cations, then  all  bricks  having  the  same  objectionable  ap- 
pearance may  be  excluded,  and  the  seller  must  pay  for 
the  cost  of  the  test.  But  if  under  such  procedure,  the 
bricks  which  have  been  tested  as  objectionable,  shall  pass 
the  rattler  test,  both  tests  falling  within  the  permitted 
maximum,  then  the  buyer  cannot  exclude  the  class  of 
material  represented  by  this  test  and  he  shall  pay  for  the 
cost  of  the  test. 

BRICK  LAYING  and  INSPECTION 

Section  38.  Before  the  grading  is  finished  the  bricks 
shall  be  hauled  and  neatly  piled  without  the  edging  line 
in  sufficient  quantities  to  complete  the  brick  surface. 
Clamps  or  conveyors  may  be  used  in  connection  with 
this  work  but  the  brick  shall  not  be  dumped  from  wagons 
nor  shall  they  be  thrown  from  wagons  to  piles  or  from 
cars  to  wagons,  nor  shall  they  be  piled  in  any  location 
where  they  are  likely  to  become  bespattered  or  covered 
with  mud  or  otherwise  injured  unless  thoroughly  pro- 
tected. 

37 


Broken  or 

Chipped 

Brick 


Character  of 
Disqualification 


Partial 

Acceptance  or 
Rejection 


In  delivering  the  bricks  from  the  piles  for  placement 
in  the  streets,  no  wheeling  in  barrows  will  be  allowed  on 
the  brick  surface,  but  they  should  be  carried  on  pallets, 
after  they  have  been  first  placed  on  the  pallets  in  such 
order  that  when  delivered  to  the  dropper,  they  will  lie  in 
such  a  position  that  each  brick  in  the  regular  operation 
of  placing  it  upon  the  cushion  as  prepared,  will  bring  the 
projections  in  the  same  direction  and  the  best  edge  up- 
permost. 

Upon  the  cushion  as  prepared  the  bricks  shall  be 
laid  perpendicular  with  the  best  edge  up,  the  projections 
in  one  direction,  and  with  the  courses  straight  and  at 
right  angles  to  the  edging  line.  All  joints  must  be 
broken  at  least  three  (3)  inches.  After  the  bricks  are 
laid  the  end  joints  must  be  made  close  and  immediately 
batted  in  at  the  edging  line.  At  every  fourth  course  or 
as  often  as  directed  the  bricks  are  to  be  closed  up  and 
courses  straightened  by  tapping  lightly  with  a  sledge  on 
a  four  by  four  inch  timber  three  feet  in  length,  provided 
for  that  purpose.  Nothing  but  whole  bricks  shall  be  used 
except  in  starting  and  finishing  courses,  or  in  such  case 
as  may  be  specially  directed  by  the  engineer.  The  cut- 
ting and  trimming  of  bricks  shall  be  done  by  experienced 
men,  and  the  fractured  ends  turned  towards  the  center  ot 
the  roadway.  For  closures  nothing  less  than  two  and 
one-half  (2y2)  inch  bats  shall  be  used.  Broken  and 
chipped  bricks  fit  for  batting  shall  be  used  as  provided  in 
Section  35.  All  bricks  when  laid  shall  be  clean  and  kept 
clean  and  entirely  free  from  dirt  or  other  foreign  matto; 
until  pavement  is  completed.  All  the  work  of  brick  lay- 
ing shall  be  over  the  brick  already  laid.  Tramping  upon 
the  cushion  is  prohibited.  As  soon  as  any  surplus  of 
delivery  of  brick  is  ascertained,  they  shall  b'e  promptly 
moved  forward  for  use. 

Section  39.  After  the  brick  have  been  laid,  the  chips  Preparation 
shall  be  swept  from  the  roadway,  all  soft  brick  removed  for  Rollin& 
or  those  badly  broken,  badly  spawled  or  misshapen  shall 
be  turned  over  or  removed  by  the  contractor.  Bricks 
slightly  chipped  on  corners  otherwise  good,  shall  be  ac- 
cepted. All  rejected  brick  suitable  for  batting  in  shall  be 
carried  forward  and  used  for  that  purpose ;  the  remainder 
shall  be  placed  in  separate  piles  along  the  street.  The 
inspector  shall  keep  the  bricks  culled  and  the  contractor 
shall  make  the  necessary  changes  and  replacements  so 
that  the  work  at  all  times  shall  be  ready  for  the  grouting 
within  one  hundred  (100)  feet  of  the  brick  laying. 

39 


ROLLING 


Manner  of 
Rolling 


Examination 
and  Inspection 


Testing 
Condition  of 
the  Work 


Proportions 


Cement 


Sand 


Section  40.  After  the  bricks  in  the  pavement  have 
been  inspected  and  the  surface  of  the  pavement  swept 
clean,  the  pavement  shall  be  rolled  with  a  tandem  self- 
propelling  roller,  weighing  not  less  than  three  (3)  nor 
more  than  five  (5)  tons,  in  the  following  manner:  the 
rolling  will  commence  near  the  edging  at  a  slow  pace 
and  continue  back  and  forth  until  the  center  of  the  pave- 
ment is  reached,  then  pass  to  the  opposite  edge  and  re- 
peat in  the  same  manner  to  the  center  of  the  street. 
After  the  first  passage  of  the  roller  the  pace  may  be 
quickened.  The  pavement  shall  then  be  rolled  trans- 
versely at  an  angle  of  forty-five  (45)  degrees  to  the  edge, 
repeat  the  rolling  in  like  manner  in  the  opposite  direc- 
tion, then  roll  parallel  with  the  edge  until  the  surface 
is  smooth. 

Section  41.  Before  this  last  rolling  takes  place  all 
broken  or  injured  brick  must  be  taken  up  and  replaced 
with  acceptable  ones.  Portions  of  the  pavement  inacces- 
sible to  the  roller  shall  be  tamped  to  grade  by  the  use  of 
a  hand  tamper  applied  upon  a  two-inch  board.  The 
joints  should  be  inspected  and  if  the  cushion  has  been 
forced  up  between  the  bricks  more  than  one-half  (l/2) 
inch,  they  shall  be  re-laid  and  re-rolled. 

Section  42.  After  the  final  rolling  the  surface  shall 
be  tested  with  a  ten  (10)  foot  straight  edge  laid  parallel 
with  the  edging,  and  any  depressions  exceeding  one- 
quarter  (l/4~}  of  an  inch  must  be  taken  out. 

CEMENT  GROUT  FILLER 

Section  43.  The  cement  grout  used  in  filling  the 
joints  in  the  bricks  shall  consist  of  one  (1)  part  of  cement 
and  one  (1)  part  of  sand. 

Section  44.  The  cement  shall  meet  the  requirements 
of  the  Standard  Specifications  for  Portland  Cement  of 
the  American  Society  for  Testing  Materials,  adopted 
August  15,  1909,  with  amendments  and  additions  thereto 
adopted  by  said  Society. 

Section  45.  The  sand  for  the  grout  filler  shall  be 
composed  of  clean,  sharp,  well  graded  quartz  grains  and 
shall  not  contain  more  than  one  per  cent,  by  weight,  of 
clay  or  silt.  The  grains  shall  be  such  size  that  all  will 
pass  a  No.  12  sieve  and  that  not  more  than  40  per  cent 
will  pass  a  No.  50  sieve,  and  be  approved  by  the  engineer. 

40 


Section  46.  Before  the  grout  is  applied  the  bricks  Filler 
should  be  thoroughly  wet  by  sprinkling.  After  equal 
portions  of  the  cement  and  sand  have  been  thoroughly 
mixed  until  the  mass  assumes  a  uniform  color,  a  small 
batch  not  exceeding  two  (2)  cubic  feet  shall  be  placed 
in  a  suitable  box*  or  a  machine  specially  adapted  for 
that  purpose,  by  slowly  adding  water  and  thoroughly 
mixing  until  the  mixture  is  of  the  consistency  that  would 
readily  flow  into  the  joints  without  separation.  Ample 
time  must  be  taken  in  preparing  this  liquid  mixture,  first 
making  a  plastic  mortar,  then  gradually  thinning  by  mix- 
ing, and  slowly  adding  water,  continue  the  mixing 
until  all  is  removed  and  applied  to  the  surface  in 
small  quantities.  The  application  should  be  continued 
until  the  joints  appear  to  be  filled.  Any  surplus  material 
remaining  on  the  bricks  shall  then  be  swept  into  the 
joints.  Extreme  care  must  be  taken  that  the  joints  are 
not  cemented  over  and  that  the  filler  extends  down  to  the 
bottom  of  the  brick.  After  the  first  coat  has  had  a  chance 
to  settle  and  before  the  initial  set  develops,  a  second  coat 
shall  be  applied  in  a  similar  manner  with  a  somewhat 
thicker  grout.  After  this  application  has  had  time  to 
settle  and  before  the  initial  set  takes  place,  the  pavement 
shall  be  finished  to  a  smooth  surface  with  a  squeegee  hav- 
ing a  rubber  edge  which  shall  be  worked  over  the  brick 
at  an  angle  with  the  joints,  thus  leaving  them  entirely 
filled.  The  manner  of  application  and  equipment  to  be 
used  shall  be  approved  by  the  engineer. 

Section  47.  The  contractor  must  provide  thin  metal  Work 
strips  one-sixteenth  (y1^)  of  an  inch  by  six  (6)  inches  by 
three  (3)  feet  long  and  insert  same  in  the  brick  joints 
across  the  roadway  when  closing  up  a  stretch  of  grouting 
at  work  intervals,  so  that  the  grouting  will  end  in  a  ver- 
tical joint.  These  strips  must  be  taken  out  when  the 
grout  becomes  stiff  and  before  the  initial  set. 

Section  48.  After  the  surface  has  been  thoroughly  Protection 
inspected  and  if  approved,  and  sufficient  time  for  setting  for  SettinS 
has  taken  place  so  that  a  coating  of  sand  or  earth  will  not 
absorb  any  moisture  from  the  cement  mixture,  the  sur- 
face shall  be  covered  with  a  layer  of  one-half  (l/2)  inch 
or  more  of  sand  or  earth  to  prevent  too  rapid  drying  of 
the  filler.  This  shall  be  kept  moist  for  at  least  four  (4) 
days,  and  no  traffic  should  be  allowed  on  the  brick  sur- 
face for  a  period  of  at  least  eight  (8)  days,  or  longer,  as 
the  engineer  may  require  on  account  of  weather  condi- 
tions. 

*NOTE :  Box  recommended  by  the  National  Paving 
Brick  Manufacturers'  Association. 

41 


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ALTERNATIVES 
CONCRETE  EDGING 

If  concrete  edging  is  to  be  used,  eliminate  Sections 
6  and  7  and  substitute  the  following: 

The  concrete  for  the  edging  shall  be  composed  of 
the  kind  of  aggregate  specified  herein  for  the  base.  It 
shall  be  thoroughly  mixed  in  a  batch  mixer  and  so  pro- 
portioned that cubic  feet  of  the  concrete 

in  place  shall  contain  ninety-four  (94)  pounds  of  cement. 
The  concrete  shall  be  placed  between  the  forms  which 
have  heretofore  been  set  true  to  grade  and  alignment 
and  held  securely  in  place  by  stakes  and  clamps.  The 
concrete  shall  be  tamped  with  a  spade  until  the  mortar 
flushes  against  the  form  and  to  the  surface.  The  upper 
surface  shall  then  be  finished  by  scouring  with  a  wood 
float.  The  edging  shall,  upon  completion,  be  kept  cov- 
ered for  not  less  than days,  to  prevent  too 

rapid  drying. 

CEMENT  FILLED  BRICK  PAVEMENT  WITH 
COMBINED  FOUNDATION  AND  EDGING 
TO  PROTECT  AND  HOLD  THE  SAND 
FILLER,  AN  ADAPTATION  PARTICULARLY 
SUITABLE  FOR  PARKWAYS  AND  COUN- 
TRY HIGHWAYS. 

The  concrete  foundation  shall  be  constructed  three 
(3)  inches  wider  than  the  brick  wearing  surface  and 
upon  either  edge  of  the  foundation  shall  be  built  an  edg- 
ing of  one  and  one-half  (1^)  inches  by  one  and  one-half 
(1^)  inches.  This  edging  shall  be  built  immediately 
following  the  spreading  of  the  foundation  proper  in 
suitable  forms  and  tamped  in  sufficiently  to  form  a  per- 
fect adhesion  with  the  foundation. 

CEMENT  FILLED  BRICK  PAVE- 
MENT—Eliminating  the  Edging 

Upon  the  foundation  and  cushion,  shall  be  laid  a 
brick  pavement  constructed  as  hereinbefore  specified  for 
the  laying  of  brick  pavements,  except  that  the  forms 
(instead  of  edging)  to  be  used  shall  be  two-inch  planks, 
of  the  depth  necessary  to  cover  the  depth  of  the  pave- 
ment as  specified,  and  shall  be  set  firmly  to  grade  and 

43 


made  rigid  by  staking  and  bracing.  The  bricks  in  the 
roadway  shall  be  laid  as  above  specified.  The  edge  of 
the  pavement  shall  be  so  laid  that  all  fractured  ends  of 
the  blocks  or  bricks  shall  be  laid  toward  the  center  of  the 
pavement,  leaving  the  edge  finished  and  true  to  line,  and 
that  no  bats  shall  be  used  smaller  than  one-half  a  brick, 
the  end  of  the  adjoining  brick  shall  be  broken  off  to  ac- 
complish this  result.  In  all  cases  this  pavement  shall  be 
finished  with  a  cement  filler,  as  hereinbefore  set  forth  in 
these  specifications. 

After  the  pavement  is  completed,  and  the  cement 
filler  has  set  up  sufficiently,  the  form  boards  shall  be 
removed  and  the  space  filled  in  with  the  natural  earth, 
thoroughly  compacted;  or,  if  a  stone  or  gravel  shoulder 
is  provided  in  the  specifications,  the  filling  material  shall 
be  thoroughly  rolled  and  compacted  so  as  to  conform  to 
the  cross-section  of  the  roadway. 

CRUSHED  STONE  FOUNDATION 

If  crushed  stone  foundation  is  to  be  used,  substitute 
the  following  for  Sections  10  to  20  inclusive : 

Upon  the  sub-grade  formed  and  compacted  there 
shall  be  spread  a  foundation  of  clean  crushed  stone,  of 
good  quality,  and  of  sufficient  quantity,  that  after  being 
bonded  with  enough  screenings  to  fill  all  interstices  and 
sufficiently  flooded  with  water  to  allow  of  its  being  thor- 
oughly compacted,  and  rolled  with  a  three-wheeled  self- 
propelling  roller  of  not  less  than  ten  (10)  tons  in  weight 

shall   measure    inches  in  depth.     The  top 

surface  of  this  foundation  shall  be  parallel  with  and  at  an 

elevation  of   inches  below  the  finished  arc 

of  the  pavement.  The  stone  shall  be  practically  uniform 
in  quality  and  shall  be  crushed  and  screened  so  as  to  pass 

through  a  screen  with  openings   inches  in 

diameter,  and  be  retained  on  a  screen  with  openings  one 
(1)  inch  in  diameter — said  foundation  shall  be  laid, 

bonded  and  rolled  in   courses — the  bottom 

course   inches  in  depth  and  the  top  course 

inches    in    depth.      After    the    limestone 

screenings  are  spread  upon  the  stone,  each  course  shall 
be  rolled  dry  at  least  twice  before  water  is  applied. 

OLD  GRAVEL  OR  MACADAM 
FOUNDATION 

If  old  gravel  or  macadam  foundation  is  to  be  used, 
substitute  the  following  in  place  of  Sections  10  to  20, 
inclusive : 

44 


The  present  macadam  or  graverfouiklatibii 
cleaned  of  all  earth  and  refuse  and  shall  be  scarified  to 
such  a  depth  as  when  graded  to  a  true  cross-section  it 
shall  have  loose  material  over  its  entire  surface  to  a 
depth  of  not  less  than  two  (2)  inches.  The  surface  of 
this  roadway  shall  be  built  up  with  loose  stone  to  such  a 
depth  as  when  rolled  it  will  assume  a  cross-section  of 
the  finished  foundation.  The  material  used  in  building 
up  the  old  roadway  shall  be  crushed  stone  or  gravel  that 
will  pass  a  one  (1)  inch  screen  and  be  retained  on  a  one- 
fourth  (l/4~)  inch  screen  and  covered  with  enough  screen- 
ings to  fill  all  the  interstices  and  sufficiently  flooded  with 
water  to  allow  it  to  be  thoroughly  compacted,  then  rolled 
with  a  three-wheeled  self-propelling  roller  not  less  than 
ten  (10)  tons  in  weight.  The  surface  shall  present  a 
thoroughly  bonded  and  filled  cross-section  so  as  to  pre- 
vent the  cushion  from  sifting  through  it. 

NO.  2  PAVING  BRICK 
FOUNDATION 

If  No.  2  paving  brick  foundation  is  to  be  used,  sub- 
stitute the  following  in  place  of  Sections  10  to  20,  in- 
clusive : 

Upon  the  sub-grade  as  heretofore  specified  shall  be 
spread  a  base  of  sand  two  (2)  inches  in  thickness  which 
shall  be  brought  to  a  perfect  grade,  conforming  to  that  of 
the  finished  pavement.  There  shall  be  laid  flatwise,  par- 
allel with  the  roadway,  upon  this  grade  thus  prepared,  a 
layer  of  No.  2  paving  brick,  the  interstices  of  which  shall 
be  filled  with  sand.  The  brick  shall  be  rolled  as  provided 
in  Section  40. 

BRICK  PAVEMENT  ON  NATURAL  EARTH 
WITHOUT  AN  ARTIFICIAL   FOUNDATION 

In  the  construction  of  such  a  pavement,  eliminate 
Sections  10  to  20,  inclusive. 

SAND  FILLER 

If  sand  filler  is  to  be  used  instead  of  cement  filler, 
eliminate  Sections  43  to  47,  inclusive,  and  substitute  the 
following : 

All  of  the  interstices  between  the  bricks  shall  be 
completely  filled  with  clean,  fine  dry  sand,  which  shall 
be  spread  upon  the  surface  of  the  brick  to  the  thickness 
of  one-half  (y2)  inch,  over  which  shall  be  drawn  a 
sweeper,  roller  or  brush.  This  should  be  repeatedly  gone 
over  and  additional  sand  added,  until  the  interstices  are 
completely  filled  and  a  surplus  of  one-quarter  (%)  of  an 
inch  of  sand  remaining  on  top. 

45 


c  «-• 


(U 

_<: 


FRANK  H.   KIMBALL  CO.,  Advertising  Designers,   Cleveland,   O. 


Copies  of   this  specification,  with  booklets   on  tne 

subject   of  Brick  Pavement   Construction,   will  be 

furnished  anyone  upon  request,  by 

NATIONAL  PAVING  BRICK 
MANUFACTURERS  ASSOCIATION 

WILL   P.  BLAIR,   Secretary 


830-834  B.  of  L.  E.  Building 


CLEVELAND,  OHIO,  U.S.A. 


Gaylord  Bros. 

Makers 

Syracuse,  N.  Y. 
PAT.  JAN.  21 ,1908 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY, 
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